Cajuput Oil, the people’s Green Health Cares.

Cajuput Oil, Genuine, Natural, Pure,

Essential Oil of Indonesia Origin.

Having broad medicinal properties,

multi purpose uses by people for generations

Cajuput History 1848

Oil of Cajeput / Cajuput Oil has been known in Europe for above two centuries, Rumphius first described the tree which produces it under the name of Arbor alba, a literal translation of one of its Malay names, Cayu-puti [Kayu Putih], or White-tree, several botanists have described it in more recent times, but the species was generally mistaken until the researches of Sir J.Smith, published in 1819 in Rees' Cyclopaedia, and those of Roxburgh, first made public after his death by Mr.Colebrooke in the Medico Botanical Transactions for 1828.

Rumphius accurately distinguishes two closely allied species under the names Arbor alba, major and minor, the former was generally considered the source of cajeput-oil / cajuput oil, probably because the Malays apply to it chiefly the name of Cayuputi, its more correct Malay name, however, being Cayu-Gelam. This is the Melaleuca Leucadendron of modern botanists, an inhabitant of most of the Moluccas Isles [Maluku Islands], and abounding on Amboyna [Ambon], but more especially on Boerou [Buru Island] and Ceram [Seram Island].

It appears, however, from the inquiries of Smith and of Roxburgh that the usual reference to this species is a mistake; that the Arbor alba major of Rumphius, contrary to his statement, has no odour ; and that cajeput oil is the produce only of his Arbor alba minor, the Melaleuca minor of Smith as well as Decandolle, or Melaleuca cajuputi of Roxburgh, Lindley, and others, this plant belongs to the Linnaean class, order Polyadelphia, and to the natural family Myrtacese, it is a crooked tree, about twenty feet high, a native of several of the Moluccas Isles [Maluku], especially of Boerou [Buru Island] and Manipa, and also of the southern part of Borneo [Kalimantan], but not of Amboyna [Ambon]

Map of Indonesia,

showing the location of Moluccas / Maluku Islands

Map of South Moluccas Islands Group,

showing the location of Buru Island, west of Ambon Island.

Buru Island’s Cajuput Oil

well-known as one of the premium quality.

Cajuput Tree:

The tree has a long flexible trunk with irregular ascending branches, covered with a pale thick, lamellated [fibrous] bark it is soft and spongy and from time to time throws off its outer layer in flakes, a tall evergreen tree up to 30 metres high, the flexible trunk has a whitish spongy bark, which flakes off easily, in Indonesia it is called kaju-putih, meaning white wood, leaves entire linear, lanceolate [slender and pointed, needle-like], ash colour, alternate on short foot-stalks, flowers sessile, white, on a long spike, the leaves have a very aromatic odour, cajuput tree also known as White tea-tree, Broad-leaved tea-tree, Paper-barked tea-tree, Swamp tea-tree, and White-wood.

image for illustration only

Cajuput Oil

Cajeput oil / Oleum Cajuputi USP 1820 – 1936, Chemical Abstract Service [CAS] Registry Number 008008-98-8, is an essential oil / volatile oil obtained by steam distillation in copper vessels / stills [at a home industry] of fresh leaves and twigs of the plant Melaleuca leucadendron Linn / Melaleuca cajuputi Roxburgh / Melaleuca minor Decandolle, family Myrtaceae, and rectified by steam distillation, it takes approximately 60-70 kg of leaves and twigs to make 1 kg of cajuput essential oil, a pale yellow or greenish volatile oil due to the traces of copper [from copper still used in steam distillation] that have been detected in the oil and this may explain its green tint, the green color is not essential, and may be removed by distillation, it is due chiefly to the presence of copper, and partly to the presence of some altered chlorophyll, it has a distinctly camphoraceous odour, and an aromatic, bitterish taste, levorotatory [leftist optical rotation] has specific gravity of 0.922 to 0.929 at 15° C [equivalent to 59° F]. it is originally produced in Indonesia, previously well-known from Buru Island, in South Molucass Islands group [see map], but now has been heavily cultivated in various regions in Java Island [see map], several other species of Melaleuca leucadendron are utilized such as Melaleuca hypericifolia, Melaleuca veridifolia, Melaleuca lalifolia, Melaleuca paraguayensis, the Australian species Melaleuca decussata and Melaleuca erucifolia are also used, cajeput oil / oil of cajuput contains 50 to 65 % of 1,8-cineole / eucalyptol [also called cajuputol], it is used internally as a carminative, stimulant and diaphoretic, externally used as a parasiticide.

Distillation of Cajuput Oil

home industry, cajuput oil distillation using copper still.

The steam containing essential oil vapour, leaves the still and passes into a condenser by way of a "goose-neck", some sort of gauze or screen is often fitted at the mouth of the goose-neck to prevent plant material being blown over into the condenser, in the condenser the vapours are cooled and condense, the vapours pass through a coiled tube contained in a water bath, and condensate is obtained at the bottom of the condenser tube, it is important that condensation is complete or oil may be lost by evaporation, the mixture of water and essential oil then leaves the condenser and flows into a separator, called a florentine flask, in which they separate into two layers, the essential oil will generally be lighter than water, the oil floats to the surface and the distillate water drains away.

Constituents of Cajuput Oil:

The principal constituent of Cajuput oil is 1,8-cineole [cajeputene hydrate / eucalyptol / cajuputol / C₁₀H₁₈O], which should average 50 to 65 %, solid terpineol is also present and several aldehydes such as valeric-aldehyde, butyric-aldehyde and benzoic-aldehyde, terpinyl-acetate, pinene, nerolidol, both free and as an ester of acetic acid, and small amounts of terpenes, such as laevo-pinene, other compounds include: farnesol, phytol, squalene, alloaromadendrene, ledene, palustrol, viridiflorol, ledol, betulinaldehyde, betulinic acid, platanic acid, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, limonene, γ-terpinene, ρ-cymene, terpinolene, linaolool, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol.

1,8 Cineole / Eucalyptol / Cajuputol

Medicinal actions and Therapeutic uses:

Cajuput essential oil has stimulant and relaxant activity and is used both internally and externally.

Externally uses / Topical uses:

• as embrocation [rubbing] for the relieve of stomach disorder, colitis with hemorrhage and impetigo.
• works by stimulating the circulation around the point of application, has been used since the 17^th century as a remedy for rheumatism, it provides deep, penetrating action and soothing relief for muscular and rheumatic aches / pains, pulled muscles or ligaments, sprains, bruises, muscle tension, slipped disk, low-back pain, and sciatica.
• mildly counter-irritant for mosquito and insect bites.
• used as baby massage oil or an ointment for all painful conditions, especially arthritis and rheumatism, may also be helpful due to its pain relieving properties for sports injuries, muscle stiffness and general aches and pain.
• has strong antibacterial activity, shows antiseptic properties, for the treatment of psoriasis and other skin infections, treatment of candida yeast infections, external sores and abscesses, boils, carbuncles, cuts, scrapes, ringworm and external fungus infection such as athletes foot, head lice
• as a vaginal douche in cases of “erosion of the cervix” and gonorrhea.
• useful for the treatment of oily skin.
• used as a fragrance and freshening agent in soaps, cosmetics, detergents and perfumes

Internally uses / Inhalation uses:

• when vaporized soothes bronchial and sinus passages and relieves sore throat, stopped up sinuses, fever, tight chest, laryngitis, pains, toothaches,
• Aromatherapic uses: as a tonic to the nervous system and may be used to alleviate fatigue, drowsiness and restlessness.
• in combination with other medicinal oils, by promoting sweating, cajuput oil cools down the body and helps with such infections as colds / flu, pharyngitis and pneumonia, it is also helpful for asthma, sinusitis and a sore throat.

Internally uses / Ingestion:

• it warms the stomach, highly stimulant, producing a sensation of warmth, it calms the digestive system, soothes colic, enteritis, dysentery, vomiting and spasms, as carminative and local analgesic properties
• as an antiseptic in cystitis and as an anthelmintic for round worms,
• as a stimulating expectorant in chronic laryngitis and bronchitis,
• occasionally employed as a flavor component in food products and soft drinks

Safety used of Cajuput Oil:

1. Cajuput oil is non toxic and non sensitizing, however may irritate the skin, therefore it needs to be well diluted with carrier oil such as coconut oil, jojoba oil, sunflower oil etc, and never allowed to come into contact with mucous membranes, open wounds and eyes.
2. Possible drug interactions: no interactions have been reported.
3. For pregnant or breast feeding women: no harmful effects are known.

Back to:

Growing up Green, for healthy babies & kids [2]

Sciatica, a nerve pain potentially reduces the quality of life.

Be careful, if we start feeling pain in our hip,

radiates down to our thigh, leg and sole !

Understand all about body’s pains,

In conjunction with to treat them properly.

Sciatic nerve: is the main nerve located in the back & traveling down the leg, It controls the muscles of the back of the knee and lower leg, it also provides sensation to the back of the thigh, part of the lower leg, and the bottom surface (sole) of the foot.

Sciatica: is a condition involving pain associated with sciatic nerve, if we suddenly feeling pain in our lower back or hip that radiates down from the buttock to the back of one thigh and into leg and the bottom face of the foot (sole), we may have problem of a protruding disk in our lower spinal column (lumbar spine) pressing on the roots of the sciatic nerve, causes sciatic nerve pain or sciatica. The nerve pain may occur when we sit down, sneeze or cough.

Different causes of Sciatica:

1. Usually originates higher along the spinal cord when the nerve roots become compressed: prolonged external pressure on the nerve, and pressure on the nerve from nearby body structures.
2. Sciatica can also be caused due to a slipped disk of the vertebral column, such as injured by fracture of the pelvis.
3. Direct trauma to the thighs or buttocks, like prolonged sitting or lying with pressure on the buttocks, which causes damage of the nerve root.
4. Sciatica can also be caused by pressure on the nerve where the nerve passes through a narrow structure, so that the damage (caused by pressure) slows or prevents conduction of the impulses through the nerve.
5. Systemic disease like diabetes, can damage many different nerves, including the sciatic nerve.
6. Pressure caused by tumors.
7. Pressure caused by abscesses.
8. Pressure caused by bleeding in the pelvis.
9. In many cases, no cause can be identified.

Sciatic nerve damage or dysfunction (named sciatica) can causes: weakness of the knee bending (flex), weakness of foot movements, difficulty bending the foot toward the inside (inward), difficulty bending the foot downward, weakness or absent of ankle lift bending. Symptoms can include pricking (tingling), without the power to feel (numbness), or pain, which radiates to the buttocks, legs, and feet.

Symptoms of Sciatica:

1. Sensation changes: decreased sensations, or abnormal sensations, burning sensations, on the back of the calf (back part of the leg below the knee), or on the bottom surface of the foot (the sole), having no power to feel (numbness), pricking or tingling, severe pain.
2. Weakness of the knee and foot: difficulty walking, inability to bend the knee, inability to move the foot, abnormal reflexes.

Various optional ways to heal Sciatica nerve pains:

The causes of the nerve dysfunction should be well identified, so that they can be treated properly, in some cases treatment is not required, only needs a few days of bed rest while the inflammation goes away, the condition usually heals itself, recovery can be occurred spontaneously, give enough time and rest, put gentle heat or cold on painful muscles, be as active as possible because motion helps to reduce inflammation.

1. Surgical removal of lesions that press on the sciatic nerve, such as herniatic disc, may relieve symptoms, if severe injury to the nerve such as tearing of the nerve (laceration) occurred, recovery may be not possible or very limited. With X-rays or imaging tools such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) doctor can diagnose which sciatic nerve roots are affected.
2. Injection : with steroids can be reduced inflammation around the sciatic nerve, or nerve inflammation related to a herniated disc.
3. Anti-convulsant drugs: Phenytoin-Na, Carbamazepine.
4. Anti-depressant drugs: Amitriptyline combination with major tranquilliser Perphenazine.
5. Muscle relaxant drugs: Eperizone HCl, Rocuronium Bromide, Vecuronium Bromide, Pancuronium Bromide, Baclofen, Succinylcholine Chloride, Tizanidine HCl, Chlorzoxazone, Suxamenthoniusm Chloride, Atracurium besylate.
6. Physical therapy exercises to maintain muscle strength, physical exam may help pinpoint the irritated nerve root., the use of braces, splints made of wood or metal, orthopedic shoes may help compensate for impaired function.
7. Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Medications (NSAIDs), or Over The Counter (OTC) Analgesic drugs: Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), Acetyl-Salicylic-Acid (Aspirin), Methamizole, Mefenamic Acid, Tramadol-HCl, Ibuprofen, Benocrylate.
8. Topical Analgesic pain relievers: in the form of ointments, balms, creams, liniments, plasters, patches, can help to reduce the symptoms of pains (symptomatic healings) including sciatic nerve pain, due to their properties of improving as well as accelerating the blood circulation on the affected areas, will directly effects reducing of the pain sensation, they contain Wintergreen Oil / Methyl Salicylate, Menthol, Camphor, Capsicum Oleoresin (Capsicum longum), Natural Herbal Essential Oils, such as Nutmeg Oil (Myristica fragrans), Zingiber Oil (Zingiber officinalis), Clove Oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), Peppermint Oil (Mentha piperita, Mentha arvensis), Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon nardus).

Methyl Salicylate: Natural Wintergreen Oil: macerated in water follows with steam distillation of the leaves of plant Gaultheria procumbens familia : Ericaceae, contains Methyl Salicylate, which has the action of salicylate, as topical analgesic, it is absorbed through the skin and is applied undiluted (original, pure) or in liniments, ointments, balms, creams, for the relief of pain in lumbago, sciatica and rheumatic conditions.

Menthol: Natural leuvo Menthol obtained from the volatile oils of various species of Mentha Plant familia Labiatae, such as Mentha piperita, Mentha Arvensis. Menthol also can be made synthetically, as synthetic leuvo menthol or racemic menthol, it occurs as colorless crystals or crystalline powder with penetrating odor resembling that of Peppermint and a warm aromatic taste followed by a local sensation of cold. Menthol is usually used as an ointment combined with Camphor, when applied to the skin it dilates the blood vessels, causing a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect to
relieve pain. It has been used for rheumatic pains, neuralgia and other nerve pains.

Camphor: Natural Camphor is optically dextro-rotatory, obtained by distillation from Plant Cinnamomum camphora, familia Lauraceae, Camphor also can be made synthetically, the synthetic Camphor is optically leuvo-rotatory. Camphor is colorless, transparent white crystals, or crystalline masses blocks, with penetrating characteristic aromatic odor and pungent aromatic followed by sensation of cold, Camphor acts as a rubefacient and mild analgesic, applied externally as a counter irritant in fibrositis neuralgia, and the likes.

Also Read:

All About Body Pains
Trigeminal Neuralgia, Select the most suitable healing method.
How to avoid Muscle Cramps, the most common muscle ache symptoms!
Stiff Neck, and How to cure it.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, the most common nerve problem affected person's hand

Does Watermelon juice have viagra effect ?

Secret behind Watermelon Juice.

Watermelon or Citrullus lanatus / Citrullus vulgaris, family Cucurbitaceae, originally from southern Africa, this flowering plant produces a special type of fruit, which has a thick rind (exocarp) and fleshy center (mesocarp and endocarp), watermelon fruit, has a smooth exterior rind, green and yellow color, and a juicy and sweet, red, orange, yellow, or pink interior flesh colors, due to a carotenoid pigment Lycopene content, watermelon contains about six percent sugar by weight, almost 92 % of watermelon is water, but the remaining 8 percent is loaded with lycopene, an anti-oxidant that protects the human heart, prostate and skin health, it is a source of vitamin C, beside that, watermelons contain a significant amount of amino acid citrulline, it also contains Vitamins A, B₁, B₆ etc.

The George Mateljan Foundation

The Great Phytonutrient of Watermelon

Lycopenes

Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment**), found in tomatoes and other red fruits, like Watermelon, papaya, pink grapefruit and pink guava. Its name is derived from the tomato’s species classification, Solanum lycopersicum. Lycopene is a proven antioxidant, the strongest anti-oxidant existing in nature, helps prevent cancer of the lung, bladder, cervix, skin, prostate and gastrointestinal tract, also prevents heart disease and macular degenerative disease. Anti-oxidants neutralize free radicals which oxidize the cells in our bodies, cause disease and cell aging, when we take antioxidant lycopen, we neutralize the radicals and help our bodies in its fight against damaging substances and thus contributes to postponing the aging process, similar to other carotenoids, lycopene is a natural fat-soluble pigment, which is synthesized by some plants and micro-organisms but not by animals, where it serves as an accessory light-gathering pigment and to protect these organisms against the toxic effects of oxygen and light.

Lycopene is the most common carotenoid**) in the human body and is one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidants. Lycopene is easily absorbed and is naturally present in human plasma and tissues in higher concentrations than the other carotenoids. Its level is affected by several biological and lifestyle factors, because of its lipophilic nature, lycopene concentrates in low-density and very-low-density lipoprotein fractions of the serum. Lycopene is also found to concentrate in the adrenal, liver, testes, and prostate, unlike other carotenoids, lycopene levels in serum or tissues do not correlate well with overall intake of fruits and vegetables.

**)Carotenoids are the principal pigments responsible for the colors of vegetables and fruits: these include ß-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene which is responsible for the red color of red tomatoes, red color of watermelon, Its colour is due to its many conjugated carbon double bonds: each double bond reduces the energy required for electrons to transition to higher energy states, allowing the molecule to absorb visible lengths of progressively longer wavelengths. Lycopene absorbs most of the visible spectrum, so it appears red.

Lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidants. Lycopene is easily absorbed by the organism and is naturally present in human plasma and tissues in higher concentrations than the other carotenoids. Its level is affected by several biological and lifestyle factors. Because of its lipophilic nature, lycopene concentrates in low-density and very-low-density lipoprotein fractions of the serum. Lycopene is also found to concentrate in the adrenal, liver, testes, and prostate. However, unlike other carotenoids, lycopene levels in serum or tissues do not correlate well with overall intake of fruits and vegetables.

Watermelon may have Viagra effect.

Dr. Bhimu Patil, director of Texas A&M's Fruit and Vegetable Improvement Center, says watermelon may have Viagra-like effects, it is just because watermelon has ingredients that deliver Viagra-like effects to the body’s blood vessels and may even increase libido.

The beneficial ingredients in vegetables and fruits like watermelons are known as phyto-nutrients, naturally occurring compounds that are bioactive, or able to react with the human body to trigger healthy reactions, in watermelons, these include carotenoid pigment lycopene, beta carotene and amino acid citrulline – whose beneficial functions are now being unraveled. Among them is the ability to relax blood vessels, much like Viagra does.

When watermelon is consumed, L-citrulline is converted to L-arginine through arginine-synthase (AS) enzymes. Arginine is an amino acid that works wonders on the heart and circulation system and maintains a good immune system, the citrulline-arginine relationship helps heart health, the immune system and may prove to be very helpful for those who suffer from obesity and type 2 diabetes,

Arginine boosts nitric oxide (NO), which relaxes blood vessels, the same basic effect that Viagra has to treat erectile dysfunction and maybe even prevent it. while there are many psychological and physiological problems that can cause impotence, extra nitric oxide (NO) could help those who need increased blood flow.

Watermelon may not be as specific substance as Viagra (Sildenafil), but it’s a great way to relax blood vessels without any drug side-effects.

Nitric oxide (NO):

Nitric oxide or NO is a free radical gas that was originally discovered in the endothelial cells and is produced by the highly conserved NO-synthase from L-arginine. NO binds to its guanylyl-cyclase receptors and stimulates the subsequent increase in intracellular cyclic guanylyl monophosphate that in turn stimulates the protein kinase, which depends on cyclic guanyl monophosphate. This protein kinase inhibits intracellular calcium release by inhibiting phospholipase C and inositol triphosphate, and perhaps other intracellular calcium-release channels. Hence, NO assures blood flow through the vessel (Vasodilatation), protecting the tissue by antagonism of vascular smooth-muscle contraction.

L-Citrulline

H₂NC(O)NH(CH₂)₃CH(NH₂)CO₂H

Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) is a natural and rich source of the citrulline. Citrulline, the precursor to arginine, is found in higher concentrations in the rind of watermelons than the flesh, unfortunately the rind is not commonly eaten, the organic chemical compound Citrulline is an α-amino acid, a non essential amino acid, its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, it is a key intermediate in the urea cycle, the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia. Citrulline is used in the nitric oxide (NO) system in humans and has potential antioxidant and vasodilatation roles, our bodies use citrulline to make Arginine, an other amino acid, which helps cells divide, wounds heal, and ammonia to be removed from the body.

Citrulline content in flesh and rind of Watermelon:

1. Citrulline content in watermelon fruit about 3.9 mg – 28.5 mg based on dry weight (dwt):
2. Seeded Watermelon: 16.6 mg / g dwt.
3. Non seeded Watermelon: 20.3 mg / g dwt.
4. Red Watermelon: 7.4 mg / g det.
5. Yellow Watermelon: 28.5 mg / g dwt.
6. Orange Watermelon: 14.2 mg / g dwt.
7. Watermelon Rind: 24.7 mg / g dwt. Compares with Watermelon flesh: 16.7 mg / g dwt.
8. Fresh Watermelon Rind: 1.3 mg / g fwt, compares with fresh Watermelon flesh: 1.9 mg / g fwt. (fwt = fresh weight)
9. 
   

How does Citrulline works ?

L-citrulline is converted to L-arginine through arginine-synthase (AS) enzymes, Arginine boosts nitric oxide (NO), continues with Nitric oxide’s work, which finally relaxes blood vessels (see the following chart).

How does Viagra works ?

Viagra / Sildenafil

Viagra works becuase part of the physiological process of erection involves the release of nitric oxide (NO) in the corpus cavernosum. Nitric oxide (NO) then activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase which results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), leading to smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum, resulting in increased inflow of blood and an erection.

Viagra / Sildenafil is a potent and selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum (form 5-Guanyl-Mono-Phosphate). This means that, with Viagra, normal sexual stimulation leads to increased levels of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum which leads to better erections. Without sexual stimulation and no activation of the NO / cGMP system, Viagra should not cause an erection.

Citrulline compares with Viagra :

Citrulline and Viagra both has effect on blood vessel, causes Vasodilatation, but through different way.

1. Citrulline maintain the existence of cGMP by coverting to Arginine, Arginine produces Nitric oxide (NO), Nitric oxide activate the Guanylate-cyclase-enzyme, which stimulate the changes of Guanyl-Triphosphate into cGMP (Cyclic-Guanosie-Mono-Phosphate), cGMP causes Vasodilatation.
2. Viagra maintain the existence of cGMP (Vasodilatation) by inhibiting the Phospho-Diesterase-Type-5 Enzyme which convert the cGMP into 5-Guanyl-Mono-Phosphate (non-vasodilatator)

From this view of point

it is not easy to find the equivalent

between

consuming Watermelon and Viagra.

Your Ad Here

5 Ways to quit smoking

Quit smoking means free from Nicotine craving.

Cigarette contains more than 4000 toxic chemical compounds, most of them belong to toxic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), one of the toxic chemical-compound called Nicotine makes the smokers addicted, smoke again and again, difficult to be stopped, Nicotine addiction is one of the hardest addictions to break. The smokers are not dead caused by Nicotine but by Tar and other toxic pollutants of cigarette smoke, like Carbon Monoxide, Nitrosamine, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen Cyanide etc.

Nicotine is an alkaloid, found in plants of the Solanaceae family, dry tobacco contains approximately 0.6–3.0 % of Nicotine. an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed Nicotine), Nicotine molecule is very similar in shape to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which affects many bodily functions, including breathing, heart rate, learning and memory, acetylcholine in turn also affects other neurotransmitters that have influence over appetite, mood, and memory, when Nicotine gets into the brain, it attaches to nerve cells in places where acetylcholine would, creating the same effects.

Nicotine acts as a stimulant. in the central nervous system (CNS), when Nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier, it takes about seven seconds for Nicotine to reach the brain when inhaled, Nicotine binds to nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptors (cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons), increases the levels of several neurotransmitters like dopamine which actively involved in the brain which causes feeling of great happiness, strong pleasant feeling, alertness, sharpness, and feelings of relaxation, calmness, dopamine a neurotransmitter that is responsible for feelings of pleasure and well-being. Beside that, Nicotine reduces the appetite and raises the metabolism, causes smokers lose their body weight, by increasing the levels of dopamine within the reward circuits in the brain, nicotine acts as a chemical with intense addictive qualities, but the acute effects of nicotine wear off within minutes, so people must continue dosing themselves frequently throughout the day to maintain the pleasurable effects of Nicotine and to prevent withdrawal symptoms.

In adrenal medulla Nicotine binds with ganglion type nicotinic-receptors, increases flow of adrenaline, release of adrenalin (and nor-adrenalin) into the bloodstream, stimulates and increases the heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and blood glucose.

Smoking cessation efforts:

There are many ways to stop smoking:

1. Physical exercise and strong self-driven to stop smoking
2. Quit smoking through Yoga: the different aspects of yoga such as asanas, pranayama, meditation, and breathing techniques definitely are the best techniques for quitting smoke, yoga can really play a vital role in quitting smoke, yoga improves your damaged smoking health, improves your lung capacity and strength and ultimately yoga alleviates some of the dangerous effects of smoking.
3. Nicotine replacement therapy: using various forms of Nicotine delivery methods to replace Nicotine obtained from smoking or other tobacco usage, products belong to Nicotine replacement deliver Nicotine to the smoker's brain in a much slower way than cigarettes do, those products are used for smoking cessation efforts to encounter withdrawal symptoms and cravings caused by the loss of Nicotine from cigarettes. their usage are perfectly safe.\

Nicotine replacement products:

1. Nicotine patch: a transdermal patch that releases Nicotine into the body through the skin.

2. Nicotine inhaler,

3. Nicotine nasal spray,

4. Nicotine gum: a type of chewing gum that delivers Nicotine to the body, the Nicotine is delivered to the bloodstream via absorption by the tissues of the mouth.

5. Nicotine sublingual tablet,

6. Nicotine pastilles / lozenges.

4. Nicotinic-receptor-partial-agonist: bind and activate the nicotinic-receptor in the brain, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist, the partial agonist actually acts as a competitive antagonist, competing with the full agonist for receptor occupancy and producing a net decrease in the receptor activation observed with the full agonist alone.
• Cytisine: is a toxic pyridine-like alkaloid, from plants Faboideae family, Cytisine is a nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor- partial-agonist, pharmacologically it exhibits similar effects to Nicotine due to structural similarity of the two molecules, it is available for the treatment of Nicotine addiction,
• Varenicline tartrate: is Cytisine derivative which was approved in 2006 as a smoking cessation drug, Varenicline tartrate is a nicotinic-receptor-partial-agonist, it reduces cravings for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products, and through these mechanisms it can assist some patients in stopping smoking.

Varenicline chemical structure

Varenicline

(7,8,9,10-tetrahydro- 6,10-methano- 6H-pyrazino (2,3-h)(3) benzazepine)

• 
  
4. Nicotinic antagonist: a type of anti-cholinergic which inhibits or block the action at nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptors (cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons.) in the brain, Nicotinic antagonist can be used for treating drug addiction.

• Bupropion: is an atypical antidepressant that acts as a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and nicotinic antagonist.
• Mecamylamine: is a nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier.
• 18-methoxycoronaridine: is a selective nicotinic antagonist, block nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptors in the brain and can be used for treating drug addiction.

References :

(1).Wikipedia

(2).Quit smoking through Yoga.

(3).Stop smoking

Also Read :
Go Gree ! Stop smoking using Natural Herbs.

Stop smoking with laser therapy

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